Effects of Nutritional Habits on the Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in the Breast Milk
Keywords:
Aflatoxin M1, Breast milk, Nutrition habitsAbstract
Investigating the Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) presence in the breast milk of the nursing mothers in Erzurum province, depending on their nutritional habits. Study was conducted on the mothers (s=90) who have 0-12 months infants and reside in the province of Erzurum, in accordance with ethical considerations. While collecting the data, a questionnaire was conducted to determine the period of breast feeding, Body Mass Index (BMI) and nutritional habits and the presence of AFM1 was determined by ELISA method. No correlation has been found between Body Mass Index and mothers’ nutritional habits with the AFM1 concentration in breast milk (p>0.05) and AFM1 concentration varied between 0.0049 – 0.01503 ppm (μg/kg) and determined as 0.006182±0.001748 ppm (μg/kg) on average. A negative correlation has been found with the AFM1 concentration in breast milk for the mothers who frequently consume fresh fruits and vegetables (r=-0.235) (p<0.05). While the presence of AFM1 in breast milk does not pose a significant risk, mothers' frequent consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables during breast feeding period may increase the breast milk quality which has a fundamental importance on the infant development and health.
References
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[30] Coulter JBS, Lamplugh SM, Suliman GI, Omer MIA, Hendrickse RG. Aflatoxins in human breast milk. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics (1984) 4(2):61–66. doi:10.1080/02724936.1984.11748311.
[31] Wild CP, Pionneau FA, Montesano R, Mutiro CF, Chetsanga CJ. Aflatoxin detected in human breast milk by immunoassay. International Journal of Cancer (1987) 40(3):328–333. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910400308.
[32] Costamagna D, Gaggiotti M, Signorini ML. Quantitative risk assessment for aflatoxin M1 associated with the consumption of milk and traditional dairy products in Argentina. Mycotoxin Research (2021) 37(4):315–325. doi:10.1007/s12550-021-00444-w.
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[37] Aydın M. Investigating relationship between nutritional status and leptin and ghrelin levels of maternal serum and breast milk. Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences Master’s Thesis in Dietetic Program, Ankara (2013).
[2] Tolosa J, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ruiz MJ, Vila-Donat P. Multi-mycotoxin occurrence in feed, metabolism and carry-over to animal-derived food products: A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2021) 158:112661. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2021.112661.
[3] Steyn PS. Mycotoxins, general view, chemistry and structure. Toxicology Letters (1995) 82-83:843–851. doi:10.1016/0378-4274(95)03525-7.
[4] Mir SA, Dar BN, Shah MA, Sofi SA, Hamdani AM, Oliveira CA, et al. Application of new technologies in decontamination of mycotoxins in cereal grains: Challenges, and perspectives. Food and Chemical Toxicology (2021) 148:111976. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2021.111976.
[5] Iqbal SZ. Mycotoxins in food, recent development in food analysis and future challenges; a review. Current Opinion in Food Science (2021) 42:237–247. doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2021.07.003.
[6] O’ Riordan MJ, Wilkinson MG. A survey of the incidence and level of aflatoxin contamination in a range of imported spice preparations on the Irish retail market. Food Chemistry (2008) 107(4):1429–1435. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.09.073.
[7] Rodríguez A, Rodríguez M, Luque MI, Martín A, Córdoba JJ. Real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of aflatoxin-producing molds in foods. Food Microbiology (2012) 31(1):89–99. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2012.02.009.
[8] Ahmed Ismail M, Thabet Abo El-Maali N, Ali Omran G, Masood N. Biodiversity of Mycobiota in Peanut Seeds, Corn and Wheat Grains with Special Reference to Their Aflatoxigenic Ability. Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences (2016) 5(4):314–319. doi:10.15414/jmbfs.2016.5.4.314-319.
[9] Ismail Y.S. Rustom. Aflatoxin in food and feed: occurrence, legislation and inactivation by physical methods. Food Chemistry (1997) 59(1):57–67.
[10] Galvano F, Pietri A, Bertuzzi T, Gagliardi L, Ciotti S, Luisi S, et al. Maternal dietary habits and mycotoxin occurrence in human mature milk. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research (2008) 52(4):496–501. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700266.
[11] Pavlek Ž, Bošnir J, Ivešić M, Serdar S, Kuharić Ž, Jakopović Ž, et al. Investigation of milk quality after removal of afm1 using lactic acid bacteria and beta-glucan. Medica Jadertina (2021) 51(1):5–12.
[12] Kırdar S. Mycotoxins in milk and products. In: Turkey 9th Food Congress (2002). 24‐26 May, Bolu.
[13] International Agency for Research on Cancer. International Agency for Research on Cancer Iarc Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks To Humans. Iarc Monographs On The Evaluation Of Carcinogenic Risks To Humansarc Monographs On The Evaluation Of Carcinogenic Risks To Humans (2002 1) 96:i‐ix+1‐390.
[14] Ghiasian S, Maghsood A. Infants’ Exposure to Aflatoxin M1 from Mother’s Breast Milk in Iran. Iranian journal of public health (2012) 41(3):119–126.
[15] Sadeghi N, Oveisi MR, Jannat B, Hajimahmoodi M, Bonyani H, Jannat F. Incidence of aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in Tehran, Iran. Food Control (2009) 20(1):75–78. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.02.005.
[16] Pandey AK, Shakya S, Patyal A, Ali SL, Bhonsle D, Chandrakar C, et al. Detection of aflatoxin M1 in bovine milk from different agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh, India, using HPLC-FLD and assessment of human health risks. Mycotoxin Research (2021) 37(3):265–273. doi:10.1007/s12550-021-00437-9.
[17] Özdemir M, Kuyucuoglu N. Afyonkarahisar ilindeki Hastanelerde Doğum Yapan Kadmların Sütlerinde Aflatoksin M1 Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi [Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in the Milk of Hospitals in Afyonkarahisar Province]. Kocatepe Medical Journal (2007) 8(1). doi:10.18229/ktd.61441.
[18] Navas SA, Sabino M, Rodriguez-Amaya DB. Aflatoxin M 1 and ochratoxin A in a human milk bank in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Food additives and contaminants (2005) 22(5):457–462. doi:10.1080/02652030500110550.
[19] El-Nezami HS, Nicoletti G, Neal GE, Donohue DC, Ahokas JT. Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk samples from Victoria, Australia and Thailand. Food and Chemical Toxicology (1995) 33(3):173–179. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(94)00130-G.
[20] Eshete M, Gebremedhin S, Alemayehu FR, Taye M, Boshe B, Stoecker BJ. Aflatoxin contamination of human breast milk and complementary foods in southern Ethiopia. Maternal & Child Nutrition (2021) 17(1). doi:10.1111/mcn.13081.
[21] Saad AM, Abdelgadirt AM, Moss MO. Exposure of infants to aflatoxin M 1 from mothers’ breast milk in Abu Dhabi, UAE. Food additives and contaminants (1995) 12(2):255–261. doi:10.1080/02652039509374300.
[22] Abdulrazzaq YM, Osman N, Yousif ZM, Al-Falahi S. Aflatoxin M 1 in breast-milk of UAE women. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics (2003) 23(3):173–179. doi:10.1179/027249303322296484.
[23] Jolly PE, Mazariegos M, Contreras H, Balas N, Junkins A, Aina IO, et al. Aflatoxin Exposure Among Mothers and Their Infants from the Western Highlands of Guatemala. Maternal and Child Health Journal (2021) 25(8):1316–1325. doi:10.1007/s10995-021-03151-1.
[24] Jonsyn FE, Maxwell SM, Hendrickse RG. Ochratoxin A and aflatoxins in breast milk samples from Sierra Leone. Mycopathologia (1995) 131(2):121–126. doi:10.1007/BF01102890.
[25] Keskin Y, Başkaya R, Karslı S, Yurdun T, Özyaral O. Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Human Breast Milk and Raw Cow’s Milk in Istanbul, Turkey. Journal of Food Protection (2009) 72(4):885–889. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-72.4.885.
[26] Barut Uyar B. Anne Sütündeki Aflatoksin M1 ve Okratoksin A Miktarları ile Annenin Beslenme Durumu Arasındaki İlişkinin Değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of the Relationship Between Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A Amounts in Breast Milk and Mother's Nutritional Status] (2013).
[27] am El-Sayed Abd Alla, Neamat-Allah AA, Aly SE. Situation of mycotoxins in milk, dairy products and human milk in Egypt. Mycotoxin Research (2000) 16(2):91–100. doi:10.1007/BF02946108.
[28] Polychronaki N, C. Turner P, Mykkänen H, Gong Y, Amra H, Abdel-Wahhab M, et al. Determinants of aflatoxin M 1 in breast milk in a selected group of Egyptian mothers. Food additives and contaminants (2006) 23(7):700–708. doi:10.1080/02652030600627222.
[29] Zarba A, Wild CP, Hall AJ, Montesano R, Hudson GJ, Groopman JD. Aflatoxrn M 1 in human breast milk from The Gambia, West Africa, quantified by combined monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity chromatography and HPLC. Carcinogenesis (1992) 13(5):891–894. doi:10.1093/carcin/13.5.891.
[30] Coulter JBS, Lamplugh SM, Suliman GI, Omer MIA, Hendrickse RG. Aflatoxins in human breast milk. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics (1984) 4(2):61–66. doi:10.1080/02724936.1984.11748311.
[31] Wild CP, Pionneau FA, Montesano R, Mutiro CF, Chetsanga CJ. Aflatoxin detected in human breast milk by immunoassay. International Journal of Cancer (1987) 40(3):328–333. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910400308.
[32] Costamagna D, Gaggiotti M, Signorini ML. Quantitative risk assessment for aflatoxin M1 associated with the consumption of milk and traditional dairy products in Argentina. Mycotoxin Research (2021) 37(4):315–325. doi:10.1007/s12550-021-00444-w.
[33] Galvano F, Galofaro V, Galvano G. Occurrence and Stability of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Milk Products: A Worldwide Review. Journal of Food Protection (1996) 59(10):1079–1090. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-59.10.1079.
[34] Pekcan G. Beslenme durumunun saptanması [Determination of nutritional status]. In: Baysal A, editor. Diyet El Kitabı [Dietary Handbook]: Ankara: Hatiboğlu (2008). p. 67–141.
[35] Food & Feed Analysis. RIDASCREEN®FAST Aflatoxin M1: Enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of Aflatoxin M1 - Art. No.: R5812 (2022) [cited 2022 Jul 22]. Available from: https://food.r-biopharm.com/products/ridascreenfast-aflatoxin-m1-2/.
[36] Communique TGK. Turkish food codex communiqué on determination of maximum levels of specific contaminants in foodstuffs (2011). 28257 p.
[37] Aydın M. Investigating relationship between nutritional status and leptin and ghrelin levels of maternal serum and breast milk. Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences Master’s Thesis in Dietetic Program, Ankara (2013).
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2022-07-15
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Effects of Nutritional Habits on the Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in the Breast Milk. (2022). International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews, 6(1), 82-86. https://www.injirr.com/article/view/96
