Freeze-Thaw Effect in Granular Soil Reinforced with Calcareous Portland Cement
Keywords:
granular soil, calcareous portland cement, reinforcement, strength, freeze-thawAbstract
The use of cement with additives to increase the strength values of fine and coarse-grained soils is becoming increasingly common today. Because cement with additives has become preferred in the construction industry due to the economy they provide and the low CO2 emissions in clinker production due to climatic changes. In this study, CEM II/A-LL 42.5 R, class limestone added cement produced according to the TS EN 197-1 standard was used in order to increase the freeze-thaw resistance of the granular soil. 5%, 10%, and 15% calcareous Portland cement (CPC) was added to the granular soil (GS) and compacted under standard proctor energy. After curing these three different rates for 1, 7, and 28 days, the freeze-thaw test was applied with -21°C, +21°C, 12 cycles, and 24 hours waiting time. As a result of freeze-thaw, the unconfined compressive strengths (UCS) of three different mixtures were determined with a uniaxial compression device according to three different curing times. As a result, the highest strength increase occurred in the 28-day cure and GS+5% CPC mixture of well over 100 percent. However, the lowest strength reduction rate before and after freezing-thawing was also found in the GS+5% CPC mixture with 9.30%.
References
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[2] Tsivilis S, Chaniotakis E, Batis G, Meletiou C, Kasselouri V, Kakali G, et al. The effect of clinker and limestone quality on the gas permeability, water absorption and pore structure of limestone cement concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites (1999) 21(2):139–146. doi:10.1016/S0958-9465(98)00037-7.
[3] Voglis N, Kakali G, Chaniotakis E, Tsivilis S. Portland-limestone cements. Their properties and hydration compared to those of other composite cements. Cement and Concrete Composites (2005) 27(2):191–196. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.006.
[4] Tumluer G. Shear Strength of Sand-Mixed With Cement. Master Thesis. Çukurova University. Adana (2006).
[5] Yarbaşı N, Kalkan E, Akbulut S. Modification of the geotechnical properties, as influenced by freeze–thaw, of granular soils with waste additives. Cold Regions Science and Technology (2007) 48(1):44–54. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2006.09.009.
[6] Tosun K, Felekoǧlu B, Baradan B, Altun IA. Portland limestone cement part 1- preparation of cements. Technical Journal of Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers (2009) 20:4717–4736. doi:10.18400/td.17436.
[7] Sheng J, Zhao J, Yue P. An Experimental Study of the Effect of CO 2 Water-Mancos Shale Interactions on Permeability. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications (In Press) 3:26–31.
[8] Kalkan E. Impact of wetting–drying cycles on swelling behavior of clayey soils modified by silica fume. Applied Clay Science (2011) 52(4):345–352. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2011.03.014.
[9] Goodarzi AR, Akbari HR, Salimi M. Enhanced stabilization of highly expansive clays by mixing cement and silica fume. Applied Clay Science (2016) 132-133:675–684. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2016.08.023.
[10] Kalkan E. Oltu clay deposits (Erzurum, NE Turkey) and their possible usage areas. International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews (2018) 2(1):25–30.
[11] Kalkan E, Yarbasi N, Bilici O. Strength performance of stabilized clayey soils with quartzite material. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications (2019) 2(1):1–5.
[12] Kherad MK, Vakili AH, bin Selamat MR, Salimi M, Farhadi MS, Dezh M. An experimental evaluation of electroosmosis treatment effect on the mechanical and chemical behavior of expansive soils. Arabian Journal of Geosciences (2020) 13(6). doi:10.1007/s12517-020-5266-3.
[13] Yarbaşı N, Ekrem K. The Mechanical Performance of Clayey Soils Reinforced with Waste PET Fibers. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications (2020)(2):19–26.
[14] Pooni J, Giustozzi F, Robert D, Setunge S, O'Donnell B. Durability of enzyme stabilized expansive soil in road pavements subjected to moisture degradation. Transportation Geotechnics (2019) 21:100255. doi:10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.100255.
[15] Seco A, Ramírez F, Miqueleiz L, García B. Stabilization of expansive soils for use in construction. Applied Clay Science (2011) 51(3):348–352. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2010.12.027.
[16] Shahsavani S, Vakili AH, Mokhberi M. The effect of wetting and drying cycles on the swelling-shrinkage behavior of the expansive soils improved by nanosilica and industrial waste. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment (2020) 79:4765–4781.
[17] Kan A, Işık F, Akbulut RK, Geçten O. Investigation of Compressive Strength of Plaster and Masonry Mortar Prepared with Waste Stone Dust, Nano Carbon Black and Cement. International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews (2020) 4(2):5–11.
[18] Kalkan E, Yarbaşı N, Bilici Ö. The Effects of Quartzite on the Swelling Behaviors of Compacted Clayey Soils. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications (2020) 2(2):92–101.
[19] Cheng Q, Tang C-S, Xu D, Zeng H, Shi B. Water infiltration in a cracked soil considering effect of drying-wetting cycles. Journal of Hydrology (2021) 593:125640. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125640.
[20] Çokça E. Use of Class C Fly Ashes for the Stabilizationof an Expansive Soil. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering (2001) 127(7):568–573. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:7(568).
[21] Kalkan E. Effects of silica fume on the geotechnical properties of fine-grained soils exposed to freeze and thaw. Cold Regions Science and Technology (2009) 58(3):130–135. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.03.011.
[22] Jamsawang P, Nuansrithong N, Voottipruex P, Songpiriyakij S, Jongpradist P. Laboratory investigations on the swelling behavior of composite expansive clays stabilized with shallow and deep clay-cement mixing methods. Applied Clay Science (2017) 148:83–94. doi:10.1016/j.clay.2017.08.013.
[23] Chittoori BCS, Mishra D, Islam KM. Forensic Investigations into Recurrent Pavement Heave from Underlying Expansive Soil Deposits. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board (2018) 2672(52):118–128. doi:10.1177/0361198118758625.
[24] Ebrahimi AK, Barani M, Sheikhshoaie I. Fabrication of a new superparamagnetic metal-organic framework with core-shell nanocomposite structures: Characterization, biocompatibility, and drug release study. Materials Science and Engineering: C (2018) 92:349–355. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.010.
[25] Yeğinobali A, Ertün T. Çimentoda Standartlar ve Mineral Katkılar [Standards and Mineral Additives In Cement]. Ankara: Türkiye Çimento Müstahsilleri Birliği (2011).
[26] ASTM D 698. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort. West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA: American Society for Testing and Materials (2012).
[27] ASTM D 2166. Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil. West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA.: American Society for Testing and Materials (2006).
[28] ASTM A. C666/C666M-15. Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing. West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA: American Society for Testing and Materials (2011).
[29] Rahhal V, Talero R. Early hydration of portland cement with crystalline mineral additions. Cement and Concrete Research (2005) 35(7):1285–1291. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.12.001.
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2021-12-15
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Freeze-Thaw Effect in Granular Soil Reinforced with Calcareous Portland Cement. (2021). International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews, 5(2), 74-77. https://www.injirr.com/article/view/89
